Studies on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two sediment cores from the huaxi reservoir,china: Assessment of levels,sources, and ecological risk

This study investigated the levels, sources and ecological risks of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two sediment cores that were collected along the Huaxi Reservoir. The spatial distributions and residue levels of the 16 priority PAHs in the sediments from the Huaxi Reservoir were analyzed for their potential ecological risk, source apportionment and contribution to the total PAH residue. The concentration level of the total PAHs (TPAHs) was in the range 1805 ng·g^?1 to 20023 ng·g^?1 based on dry weight, and the content of PAHs in the Huaxi Reservoir exhibited a gradual upward trend. The PAH congener ratios fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) and indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene/(indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene + benzo[g, h, i]perylene) were used to identify the source. The main source of the low molecular weight PAHs was wood and coal combustion, whereas the high molecular weight PAHs were primarily from petroleum combustion sources. The results of an ecological risk assessment demonstrated that ACE poses a potential ecological risk, while FLU, NAP, ANT, BaP, DBA, PHEN and PYR can have serious ecological risks.     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-LW、MC-LF、MC-YR)的方法。选择甲醇-水(1∶4,V/V)为ASE萃取溶剂,萃取温度和萃取压力分别为80℃和13.1 MPa,固相萃取过程以HLB小柱为萃取柱,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析。方法在5种微囊藻毒素质量浓度5~100μg/L内线性良好(r0.995),回收率为76.0%~118%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~12.0%,检出限为2~3μg/kg,定量下限为8~12μg/kg。该方法已用于西太湖沉积物的检测,具有较好的方法适用性。     

基于SOM和多元分析的滇池沉积物污染特征空间模式研究

联合运用层次聚类分析(HCA)、判别分析(DA)和自组织映射神经网络(SOM)3种数值方法,对滇池2008—2010年17个底泥监测点位(10个常规点位及7个新增点位)9种污染物进行空间差异性和相似性分析,并评价各指标在空间的分布特征及监测点代表性.结果表明:滇池沉积物整体污染程度为草海>外海中部及南部>外海北部.As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn污染最严重的点位是断桥;草海中心的凯氏氮污染最严重,其他指标污染水平仅次于断桥;Cr和TP污染最严重的点位是新增点位盘龙江2;海埂是全局污染最轻的点位.现有的常规监测点位对整体污染特征的代表性较弱,建议取消异质性最低的白鱼口、观音山西、观音山东和罗家营站点;考虑污染特征和监测点位空间分布的均匀性,建议将盘龙江2、海埂和马料河设为常规监测点位.     

漓江沉积柱重金属垂向分布特征及污染评价

对桂林漓江3个采样点沉积柱状沉积物中主要重金属元素(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Ni)的垂向分布进行了测定。结果表明:7种重金属元素具有相似的垂向变化特征;横向上表现为靠近市区的含量高远离,市区的含量低。地积累指数评价结果显示,远离市区的沉积柱7种金属污染程度较轻,仅有Cd和Ni属于无～中污染程度。临近市区的沉积柱形成污染的元素为Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb和As,主要集中在底层和次表层。     

北京市道路空气中NO_x现状监测及控制对策

通过对北京城市3种典型交通道路空气中NOx的时空变化监测发现,城市道路空气NOx中NO分担率主要集中在31.6%～81.1%,明显高于非交通道路中NO的分担率(3.0%～34.0%).其原因是NO主要来源于机动车尾气的排放.利用MOBILE软件计算了各类机动车排放的ρ(NOx),并相应地确定了影响交通道路中ρ(NOx)的敏感因素.据此提出了北京市交通道路空气中NOx若干控制措施,如控制车速、车型、油料等.     

Sediment and nutrient dynamics during snowmelt runoff generation in a southern Taiga catchment of Russia

The water quality of the Volga catchment, Russia, is diminished and major nutrients reach critical levels. Proper management strategies depend on process knowledge about nutrient sources and pathways as well as appropriate models. For the 18.8 km² experimental catchment Lubazhinkha, 100 km south of Moscow, a monitoring scheme was conducted to identify runoff generation and nutrient source areas. The grey forest soils of the catchment are utilized with arable land and pasture (54%) and forest areas. The received results show a high intra-annual and inter-annual dynamic of the snowmelt runoff generation as major hydrological process. Overall sediment export rates during the 3 years of snowmelt investigation from 2003 to 2005 are low with a maximum of 0.33 t ha⁻¹ during snowmelt period 2005 and effectively reduced by a dam at the catchment outlet. Also, the total phosphorus loss from the catchment is low reaching from 0.03 to 0.35 kg ha⁻¹ during the snowmelt periods. However, sediment and total phosphorus concentrations vary within one snowmelt event and can reach high concentrations. Detailed analysis of element concentrations during snowmelt events allows an identification of different flow components and runoff generating mechanisms. During low flow situations phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon are transferred from the arable soils with slow flow components to the channel. In contrast to this situation, the sources of sediment and nutrients split up temporarily and spatially during high flow situations. Aside arable fields that are source of sediment and phosphorus during snowmelt episodes, the forested areas were detected as major source for the export of dissolved organic carbon with surface runoff. In particular these areas are characterized by a late thawing of the topsoil which causes a delayed peak of dissolved organic carbon concentration. The awareness of the dynamic and complex catchment reaction during snowmelt events is of importance for the development of proper management strategies.     

危险化学品储运企业“三无”管理模式的构建与实践

通过构建"无违章、无违纪、无未遂事故"的"三无"管理模式,提高班组自主管理和员工遵章守纪的自觉性,使危险化学品储运企业以安全为核心的各项管理水平有了显著提升。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定沉积物中的有机氯和多氯联苯

采用加速溶剂萃取法提取沉积物中的有机氯和多氯联苯,提取液用凝胶色谱法净化后用气相色谱-质谱法测定。方法在5.00μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,当取样量为10.0 g时,方法检出限为0.03μg/kg~0.37μg/kg,空白样品2个质量比水平的加标回收率为70.8%~121%,测定结果的RSD为2.7%~11.5%。用该方法测定实际样品,结果 12个抽检的沉积物样品中多氯联苯均未检出,9个样品中有机氯检出。     

顶空气相色谱法测定漓江底泥中的三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯

采用Na Cl溶液提取,顶空气相色谱法测定底泥中的三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯,方法在0.098 ng/L~1.03 ng/L范围内线性良好,三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯的方法检出限分别为0.013 ng/g和0.016 ng/g。对空白样品做3个质量比水平的加标回收试验,7次测定结果的RSD为2.0%~3.8%,平均加标回收率为94.0%~109%。将该方法用于桂林市漓江底泥样品的测定,结果三氯乙烯和四氯乙烯均为未检出,实际样品加标回收率为92.0%~107%。     

时间序列沉积物捕获器（sediment trap）及其在青海湖的放置

沉积物捕获器在认识现代沉积过程方面具有独特的优势,已在海洋和国外一些大湖的研究中得到了成功的应用,但相关的工作在我国湖泊研究中尚未开展。Mark 8-13型时间序列沉积物捕获器是用来连续收集水体沉降颗粒物的仪器,可以获得沉积物输入通量和季节性变率。本文在介绍了该类型沉积物捕获器的设计、工作原理、投放和回收等基本知识的基础上,阐明了我们选择青海湖作为放置沉积物捕获器的理由和科学意义。在本专题的五篇论文中,我们展示了在青海湖放置的沉积物捕获器于2010年7月至2012年9月期间收集的沉积物和湖水样品的研究结果和同步的实时监测数据。通过在青海湖两年多的试验性地放置以及初步的结果,我们建议在我国典型内陆不同位置的湖泊等水体长期地放置这类沉积物捕获器,将为湖泊等水体系统的现代沉积和生物过程的深入理解提供全新的视角。